# 7.1. foreach Syntax¶

These sections on foreach loops and the later For Loops introduce new looping statements. Neither is absolutely necessary: You could do all the same things with while loops, but there are many situations where foreach loops and for loops are more convenient and easier to read.

A foreach statement only works with an object that holds a sequence or collection. We will see many more kinds of sequences later. For now we can illustrate with a string, which is a sequence of characters.

We have already processed strings a character at a time, with while loops. We took advantage of the fact that strings could be indexed. Our while loops directly controlled the sequence of indices. Then we could look up the character at each index of a given string s:

int i = 0;
while (i < s.Length) {
use value of s[i]...
i++;
}


Examples have been in While-Statements with Sequences, like

      // Print the characters of s, one per line.
static void OneCharPerLine(string s)
{
int i = 0;
while (i < s.Length) {
Console.WriteLine(s[i]);
i++;
}
}


In this example we really only care about the characters, not the indices. Managing the indices is just a way to get at the underlying sequence of characters.

A conceptually simpler view is just:

for each character in s
use the value of the character


To use “the character” in C#, we must be able to refer to it. We might name the current character ch. The following is a variant of OneCharPerLine with a foreach loop:

static void OneCharPerLine(string s)
{
foreach (char ch in s) {
Console.WriteLine(ch);
}
}


That is all you need! The foreach heading feeds us one character from s each time through, using the name ch to refer to it. Of course any new variable name must be declared in C#, so ch is preceded in the heading by its type, char. Then we can use ch inside the body of the loop. Advancing to the next element in the sequence is automatic in the next time through the loop. No i++ to remember; no possibility of an infinite loop!

The general syntax of a foreach loop is

foreach ( type itemName in sequence ) {
statement(s) using itemName
}

Here is a version of IsDigits:

static Boolean IsDigits(string s)
{
foreach (char ch in s) {
if (ch < '0' || ch > '9') {
return false;
}
}
return (s.Length > 0);
}


See the advantages of foreach in these examples:

• They are more concise than the indexing versions.
• They keep the emphasis on the characters, not the secondary indices.
• The foreach heading emphasizes that a particular sequence is being processed.

Warning

If you have explicit need to refer to the indices of the items in the sequence, then a foreach statement does not work.

Of course you can refer to the indices of items in sequence with a flexible while loop, or see For Loops, coming soon....